552 lines
17 KiB
HTML
552 lines
17 KiB
HTML
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<title>Implementing Spider VM Instructions — Diego López</title>
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section:nth-child(5) { animation-delay: 0.33s; }
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</head>
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<body>
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<header>
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<div class="header-inner">
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<span class="tag">Spider VM · Instruction Set Implementation · 2026</span>
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<h1>Implementing<br>Spider VM Instructions</h1>
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<p class="subtitle">Cast conversions, trigonometric and exponential functions for the Spider Virtual Machine — opcodes 0x068 through 0x079.</p>
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<div class="meta">Diego Alberto López · spider-runtime · April 2026</div>
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</div>
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</header>
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<main>
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<!-- Context -->
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<section>
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<h2>Context <span>background</span></h2>
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<p>
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The Spider VM instruction set is organized in a 9-bit opcode space (512 slots),
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divided among team members. My assigned range covers 15 instructions:
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two type cast conversions and thirteen math functions.
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</p>
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<p>
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Instructions are defined in <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--accent)">Instr_060-07F.cpp</code>,
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which already contained the previous range (0x060–0x067) implemented by another team member.
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My work begins at 0x068.
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</p>
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</section>
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<!-- Instruction list -->
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<section>
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<h2>Assigned Instructions <span>0x068 → 0x079</span></h2>
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<div class="instr-group">
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<div class="group-label">Cast Conversions</div>
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<div class="instr-list">
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x068</div>
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<div class="instr-name">D2I</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Double (f64) → Integer (i32), truncates toward zero</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x069</div>
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<div class="instr-name">D2L</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Double (f64) → Long (i64), truncates toward zero</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-group">
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<div class="group-label">Trigonometric</div>
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<div class="instr-list">
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x06C</div>
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<div class="instr-name">SIN</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Sine — sin(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x06D</div>
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<div class="instr-name">COS</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Cosine — cos(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x06E</div>
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<div class="instr-name">TAN</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Tangent — tan(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x06F</div>
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<div class="instr-name">ASIN</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Arc sine — asin(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x070</div>
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<div class="instr-name">ACOS</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Arc cosine — acos(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x071</div>
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<div class="instr-name">ATAN</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Arc tangent — atan(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x072</div>
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<div class="instr-name">ATAN2</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Arc tangent 2-argument — atan2(Dst, Src) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-group">
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<div class="group-label">Exponential</div>
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<div class="instr-list">
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x074</div>
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<div class="instr-name">EXP</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Natural exponential — eˣ → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x075</div>
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<div class="instr-name">LOG</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Natural logarithm — ln(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x076</div>
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<div class="instr-name">LOGAB</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Logarithm base A of B — log_Src(Dst) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x077</div>
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<div class="instr-name">POW</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Power — Dst^Src → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x078</div>
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<div class="instr-name">SQRT</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">Square root — √Dst → Dst</div>
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</div>
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<div class="instr-row">
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<div class="instr-op">0x079</div>
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<div class="instr-name">ROOT</div>
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<div class="instr-desc">General root — Dst^(1/Src) → Dst</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</section>
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<!-- Implementation pattern -->
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<section>
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<h2>Implementation Pattern <span>how it works</span></h2>
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<p>
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Every instruction in the Spider VM follows the same three-step pattern:
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fetch the operand(s), perform the operation, and call the post-execution hook.
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</p>
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<div class="pattern">
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<div class="pattern-label">Single-operand pattern</div>
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<pre><span class="fn">fetchOperDst</span>(); <span class="cmt">// points _dst to the destination register</span>
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_dst->_f64 = std::<span class="fn">sin</span>(_dst->_f64);
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(this->*_post)(); <span class="cmt">// post-execution hook (write-back if needed)</span></pre>
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</div>
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<div class="pattern">
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<div class="pattern-label">Two-operand pattern (ATAN2, LOGAB, POW, ROOT)</div>
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<pre><span class="fn">fetchOperDst</span>(); <span class="cmt">// _dst ← destination</span>
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<span class="fn">fetchOperSrc</span>(); <span class="cmt">// _src ← source</span>
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_dst->_f64 = std::<span class="fn">atan2</span>(_dst->_f64, _src->_f64);
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(this->*_post)();</pre>
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</div>
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<p>
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The <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--accent)">register_t</code> union
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allows each register to be read as any type (<code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">_f64</code>,
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<code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">_u32</code>,
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<code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">_u64</code>, etc.)
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without casting overhead. The type modifier in the instruction header determines
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which field is active.
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</p>
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<p>Notable special cases:</p>
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<p>
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<strong>LOGAB</strong> uses the change-of-base formula:
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log<sub>a</sub>(b) = ln(b) / ln(a), where Dst is b and Src is a.
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</p>
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<p>
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<strong>ROOT</strong> uses the identity: ⁿ√x = x^(1/n),
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implemented as <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">std::pow(dst, 1.0 / src)</code>.
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</p>
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<p>The full implementation in C++20:</p>
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<pre><span class="kw">void</span> <span class="type">CPU</span>::<span class="fn">D2I</span>() {
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<span class="fn">fetchOperDst</span>();
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_dst->_u32 = <span class="kw">static_cast</span><<span class="type">u32</span>>(_dst->_f64);
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(this->*_post)();
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}
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<span class="kw">void</span> <span class="type">CPU</span>::<span class="fn">SIN</span>() {
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<span class="fn">fetchOperDst</span>();
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_dst->_f64 = std::<span class="fn">sin</span>(_dst->_f64);
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(this->*_post)();
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}
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<span class="kw">void</span> <span class="type">CPU</span>::<span class="fn">LOGAB</span>() {
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<span class="fn">fetchOperDst</span>();
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<span class="fn">fetchOperSrc</span>();
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_dst->_f64 = std::<span class="fn">log</span>(_dst->_f64) / std::<span class="fn">log</span>(_src->_f64);
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(this->*_post)();
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}
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|
||
<span class="kw">void</span> <span class="type">CPU</span>::<span class="fn">ROOT</span>() {
|
||
<span class="fn">fetchOperDst</span>();
|
||
<span class="fn">fetchOperSrc</span>();
|
||
_dst->_f64 = std::<span class="fn">pow</span>(_dst->_f64, <span class="val">1.0</span> / _src->_f64);
|
||
(this->*_post)();
|
||
}</pre>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
<!-- Testing -->
|
||
<section>
|
||
<h2>Verification <span>test results</span></h2>
|
||
|
||
<p>
|
||
A test program was written to call each instruction directly on the CPU
|
||
and verify the output against mathematically known values.
|
||
Since <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--accent)">fetchInstr()</code>
|
||
and <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.9em;color:var(--accent)">execute()</code>
|
||
are not yet implemented in the Runtime, operands are set manually before each call.
|
||
</p>
|
||
|
||
<div class="test-results">
|
||
<div class="test-line">
|
||
<span class="section">-- Cast Instructions --</span>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> D2I (3.9 -> 3) = 3 (expected 3)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> D2L (1e12) = 1e+12 (expected 1e+12)
|
||
<span class="section">-- Trigonometric Instructions --</span>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> SIN(pi/2) = 1 (expected 1)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> COS(0) = 1 (expected 1)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> TAN(pi/4) = 1 (expected 1)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> ASIN(1.0) = 1.5708 (expected 1.5708)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> ACOS(1.0) = 0 (expected 0)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> ATAN(1.0) = 0.785398 (expected 0.785398)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> ATAN2(1,1) = 0.785398 (expected 0.785398)
|
||
<span class="section">-- Exponential Instructions --</span>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> EXP(1) = 2.71828 (expected 2.71828)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> LOG(e) = 1 (expected 1)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> LOGAB(100,10) = 2 (expected 2)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> POW(2,10) = 1024 (expected 1024)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> SQRT(9) = 3 (expected 3)<br>
|
||
<span class="pass">[PASS]</span> ROOT(27,3) = 3 (expected 3)
|
||
</div>
|
||
</div>
|
||
|
||
<div class="note">
|
||
<strong>Note on testing approach:</strong> The test program uses stub implementations
|
||
of <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">fetchOperDst()</code>,
|
||
<code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">fetchOperSrc()</code>,
|
||
and <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">imp()</code>
|
||
as no-ops, and sets <code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">_dst</code> and
|
||
<code style="font-family:'IBM Plex Mono',monospace;font-size:0.85em">_src</code> manually.
|
||
This isolates the instruction logic completely from the unimplemented CPU dispatch system.
|
||
</div>
|
||
</section>
|
||
|
||
</main>
|
||
|
||
<footer>
|
||
Spider Lang Internship 2026 · Diego Alberto López
|
||
</footer>
|
||
|
||
</body>
|
||
</html>
|